Earliest innate immune responses require macrophage RelA during pneumococcal pneumonia.

NF-κB regulates cytokine expression to initiate and control the innate immune response to lung infections. The NF-κB protein RelA is critical for pulmonary host defense during Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia, but the cell-specific roles of this transcription factor remain to be determined. We hypothesized that RelA in alveolar macrophages contributes to cytokine expression and host defense during pneumococcal pneumonia. To test this hypothesis, we compared mice lacking RelA exclusively in myeloid cells (RelA(Δ/Δ)) with littermate controls (RelA(F/F)). Alveolar macrophages from RelA(Δ/Δ) mice expressed no full-length RelA, demonstrating effective targeting. Alveolar macrophages from RelA(Δ/Δ) mice exhibited reduced, albeit detectable, proinflammatory cytokine responses to S. pneumoniae, compared with alveolar macrophages from RelA(F/F) mice. Concentrations of these cytokines in lung homogenates were diminished early after infection, indicating a significant contribution of macrophage RelA to the initial expression of cytokines in the lungs. However, the cytokine content in infected lungs was equivalent by 15 hours. Neutrophil recruitment during S. pneumoniae pneumonia reflected a delayed onset in RelA(Δ/Δ) mice, followed by similar rates of accumulation. Bacterial clearance was eventually effective in both genotypes, but began later in RelA(Δ/Δ) mice. Thus, during pneumococcal pneumonia, only the earliest induction of the cytokines measured depended on transcription by RelA in myeloid cells, and this transcriptional activity contributed to effective immunity.