OBJECTIVE: To compare the characteristics of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who have high intelligence quotient (IQ) versus normal and low IQ through long-term follow-up of children with ADHD from a population-based birth cohort. METHODS: Subjects included children with research-identified ADHD (N = 379) from a birth cohort (N = 5718). Full scale IQ scores obtained between ages 6 and 18 years were used to categorize children into 3 groups: Low (IQ < 80), Normal (80 ≤ IQ < 120), and High IQ (IQ ≥ 120). Subjects were retrospectively followed up from birth until emigration, death, or high school graduation/dropout. The groups were compared on demographic characteristics, age at which ADHD case criteria were met, comorbidities, treatment, and school outcomes. RESULTS: There were no significant differences among children with high (N = 34), normal (N = 276), or low IQ (N = 21) and ADHD in numerous characteristics, including median age at which ADHD criteria were fulfilled (9.5, 9.7, and 9.8 years); rates of comorbid learning disorders (85.3%, 78.3%, and 76.2%), psychiatric disorders (47.1%, 50.4%, and 47.6%), and substance abuse (17.6%, 23.6%, and 19.0%); and rates of stimulant treatment (79%, 75%, and 90%). In comparison to children with normal or low IQ, those with high IQ had mothers with higher educational levels (e.g., college graduation rates 44.1%, 11.6%, and 14.3%), and higher reading achievement (median national percentiles on standardized reading tests 77.0, 42.0, and 29.0, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that ADHD is similar among children with high, normal, and low IQ, although high IQ may favorably mediate some outcomes such as reading achievement. Diagnosis and treatment of ADHD are important for all children, regardless of cognitive ability.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the characteristics of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who have high intelligence quotient (IQ) versus normal and low IQ through long-term follow-up of children with ADHD from a population-based birth cohort. METHODS: Subjects included children with research-identified ADHD (N = 379) from a birth cohort (N = 5718). Full scale IQ scores obtained between ages 6 and 18 years were used to categorize children into 3 groups: Low (IQ < 80), Normal (80 ≤ IQ < 120), and High IQ (IQ ≥ 120). Subjects were retrospectively followed up from birth until emigration, death, or high school graduation/dropout. The groups were compared on demographic characteristics, age at which ADHD case criteria were met, comorbidities, treatment, and school outcomes. RESULTS: There were no significant differences among children with high (N = 34), normal (N = 276), or low IQ (N = 21) and ADHD in numerous characteristics, including median age at which ADHD criteria were fulfilled (9.5, 9.7, and 9.8 years); rates of comorbid learning disorders (85.3%, 78.3%, and 76.2%), psychiatric disorders (47.1%, 50.4%, and 47.6%), and substance abuse (17.6%, 23.6%, and 19.0%); and rates of stimulant treatment (79%, 75%, and 90%). In comparison to children with normal or low IQ, those with high IQ had mothers with higher educational levels (e.g., college graduation rates 44.1%, 11.6%, and 14.3%), and higher reading achievement (median national percentiles on standardized reading tests 77.0, 42.0, and 29.0, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that ADHD is similar among children with high, normal, and low IQ, although high IQ may favorably mediate some outcomes such as reading achievement. Diagnosis and treatment of ADHD are important for all children, regardless of cognitive ability.
Authors: Robert G Voigt; William J Barbaresi; Robert C Colligan; Amy L Weaver; Slavica K Katusic Journal: Dev Med Child Neurol Date: 2006-10 Impact factor: 5.449
Authors: William J Barbaresi; Slavica K Katusic; Robert C Colligan; Amy L Weaver; Steven J Jacobsen Journal: J Dev Behav Pediatr Date: 2007-08 Impact factor: 2.225
Authors: Kevin M Antshel; Stephen V Faraone; Kimberly Stallone; Andrea Nave; Felice A Kaufmann; Alysa Doyle; Ronna Fried; Larry Seidman; Joseph Biederman Journal: J Child Psychol Psychiatry Date: 2007-07 Impact factor: 8.982
Authors: Kevin M Antshel; Stephen V Faraone; Katharine Maglione; Alysa Doyle; Ronna Fried; Larry Seidman; Joseph Biederman Journal: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 2008-07 Impact factor: 8.829
Authors: William J Barbaresi; Slavica K Katusic; Robert C Colligan; Amy L Weaver; Cynthia L Leibson; Steven J Jacobsen Journal: J Dev Behav Pediatr Date: 2006-02 Impact factor: 2.225
Authors: William J Barbaresi; Slavica K Katusic; Robert C Colligan; Amy L Weaver; Steven J Jacobsen Journal: J Dev Behav Pediatr Date: 2007-08 Impact factor: 2.225
Authors: Patrick de Zeeuw; Hugo G Schnack; Janna van Belle; Juliette Weusten; Sarai van Dijk; Marieke Langen; Rachel M Brouwer; Herman van Engeland; Sarah Durston Journal: PLoS One Date: 2012-04-20 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Stephen V Faraone; Tobias Banaschewski; David Coghill; Yi Zheng; Joseph Biederman; Mark A Bellgrove; Jeffrey H Newcorn; Martin Gignac; Nouf M Al Saud; Iris Manor; Luis Augusto Rohde; Li Yang; Samuele Cortese; Doron Almagor; Mark A Stein; Turki H Albatti; Haya F Aljoudi; Mohammed M J Alqahtani; Philip Asherson; Lukoye Atwoli; Sven Bölte; Jan K Buitelaar; Cleo L Crunelle; David Daley; Søren Dalsgaard; Manfred Döpfner; Stacey Espinet; Michael Fitzgerald; Barbara Franke; Manfred Gerlach; Jan Haavik; Catharina A Hartman; Cynthia M Hartung; Stephen P Hinshaw; Pieter J Hoekstra; Chris Hollis; Scott H Kollins; J J Sandra Kooij; Jonna Kuntsi; Henrik Larsson; Tingyu Li; Jing Liu; Eugene Merzon; Gregory Mattingly; Paulo Mattos; Suzanne McCarthy; Amori Yee Mikami; Brooke S G Molina; Joel T Nigg; Diane Purper-Ouakil; Olayinka O Omigbodun; Guilherme V Polanczyk; Yehuda Pollak; Alison S Poulton; Ravi Philip Rajkumar; Andrew Reding; Andreas Reif; Katya Rubia; Julia Rucklidge; Marcel Romanos; J Antoni Ramos-Quiroga; Arnt Schellekens; Anouk Scheres; Renata Schoeman; Julie B Schweitzer; Henal Shah; Mary V Solanto; Edmund Sonuga-Barke; César Soutullo; Hans-Christoph Steinhausen; James M Swanson; Anita Thapar; Gail Tripp; Geurt van de Glind; Wim van den Brink; Saskia Van der Oord; Andre Venter; Benedetto Vitiello; Susanne Walitza; Yufeng Wang Journal: Neurosci Biobehav Rev Date: 2021-02-04 Impact factor: 9.052