1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D₃ suppresses inflammation-induced expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by blocking nuclear factor-κB activation.

Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is a major fibrinolytic inhibitor. High PAI-1 is associated with increased renal and cardiovascular disease risk. Previous studies demonstrated PAI-1 down-regulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ (1,25(OH)₂D₃), but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. Here we show that exposure of mouse embryonic fibroblasts to TNFα or LPS led to a marked induction of PAI-1, which was blunted by 1,25(OH)₂D₃, NF-κB inhibitor or p65 siRNA, suggesting the involvement of NF-κB in 1,25(OH)₂D₃-induced repression. In mouse Pai-1 promoter a putative cis-κB element was identified at -299. EMSA and ChIP assays showed that TNF-α increased p50/p65 binding to this κB site, which was disrupted by 1,25(OH)₂D₃. Luciferase reporter assays showed that PAI-1 promoter activity was induced by TNFα or LPS, and the induction was blocked by 1,25(OH)₂D₃. Mutation of the κB site blunted TNFα, LPS or 1,25(OH)₂D₃ effects. 1,25(OH)₂D₃ blocked IκBα degradation and arrested p50/p65 nuclear translocation. In mice LPS stimulated PAI-1 expression in the heart and macrophages, and the stimulation was blunted by pre-treatment with a vitamin D analog. Together these data demonstrate that 1,25(OH)₂D₃ down-regulates PAI-1 by blocking NF-κB activation. Inhibition of PAI-1 production may contribute to the reno- and cardio-protective effects of vitamin D.