Listeria monocytogenes moves rapidly through the host-cell cytoplasm by inducing directional actin assembly.

Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular parasite that can readily infect the macrophage-like cell line J774 and the kidney epithelial cell PtK2. After being ingested, the organism escapes from the phagolysosome into the host-cell cytoplasm. N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)-phallacidin, a specific stain for actin filaments (F-actin), demonstrates that within 1 hr of initiation of infection, the bacteria become surrounded by host-cell cytoplasmic actin filaments. By 3 hr, long projections of F-actin begin to form at one end of the bacteria. These actin structures colocalize with the actin-bundling protein alpha-actinin as well as with tropomyosin. Microinjection of fluorescently labeled alpha-actinin in living cells demonstrates that the formation of these F-actin projections is associated with bacterial movement, actin filaments rapidly assembling behind the bacteria as they migrate through the cytoplasm. These F-actin tails attain lengths up to 40 microns. The movement of the bacteria through the cytoplasm is rapid, 0.12-1.46 microns/sec. Within 2 min of cytochalasin D (0.5 micrograms/ml) treatment, all bacterial intracellular movement stops, and additional bacteria-associated actin assembly is blocked. A nonmotile Listeria mutant induces comparable actin assembly and moves at speeds similar to the wild type, indicating that the forces required for intracellular bacterial movement are generated by the host cell. L. monocytogenes can dramatically stimulate host-cell actin assembly in a directional manner, which serves to rapidly propel the bacteria through the cytoplasm, allowing the organisms to move to peripheral membranes and spread to uninfected cells.