Defective recruitment, survival and proliferation of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells at sites of delayed diabetic wound healing in mice.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Bone marrow (BM)-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) promote tissue healing and angiogenesis, whereas altered EPC biology may favour diabetic complications. We tested the hypothesis that diabetes impairs the contribution of BM-derived cells at sites of wound healing.
METHODS: Four weeks after induction of diabetes in C57BL/6 mice, hindlimb skin wounds were created and monitored by digital imaging and histology. Circulating EPCs were quantified by flow cytometry before and after wounding. In separate experiments, bone marrow from C57BL/6 mice constitutively producing green fluorescent protein (GFP) was transplanted into myeloablated wild-type mice before induction of diabetes. We quantified proliferation, apoptosis and endothelial differentiation of tissue GFP(+) cells. Net recruitment of GFP(+) cells was estimated by correcting the number of tissue GFP(+) cells at each time point for basal levels, apoptosis and proliferation rates.
RESULTS: Diabetes delayed wound healing, with reduced granulation tissue thickness and vascularity, and increased apoptosis. Circulating EPC levels were not modified by 4 week diabetes and/or skin wounding. BM-derived EPCs (GFP(+)vWf(+) [von Willebrand factor] cells) within the granulation tissue were significantly reduced in diabetic compared with control mice. BM-derived GFP(+) cells showed increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation in diabetic versus non-diabetic wound tissues. Estimated net recruitment of BM-derived GFP(+) cells was reduced on day 1 after wounding in diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS/
INTERPRETATION: Diabetic-delayed wound healing was associated with defective recruitment, survival and proliferation of BM-derived progenitor cells. Local treatments aimed at restoring EPC homing and survival might improve tissue healing in diabetes.