All-(111) surface silicon nanowires: selective functionalization for biosensing applications.

We demonstrate the utilization of selective functionalization of carbon-silicon (C-Si) alkyl and alkenyl monolayers covalently linked to all-(111) surface silicon nanowire (Si-NW) biosensors. Terminal amine groups on the functional monolayer surfaces were used for conjugation of biotin n-hydroxysuccinimide ester. The selective functionalization is demonstrated by contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) of 5 nm diameter thiolated Au nanoparticles linked with streptavidin and conjugated to the biotinylated all-(111) surface Si-NWs. Electrical measurements of monolayer passivated Si-NWs show improved device behavior and performance. Furthermore, an analytical model is presented to demonstrate the improvement in detection sensitivity of the alkyl and alkenyl passivated all-(111) Si-NW biosensors compared to conventional nanowire biosensor geometries and silicon dioxide passivation layers as well as interface design and electrical biasing guidelines for depletion-mode sensors.