OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms (E2, C/T Arg158Cys; E4, T/C Cys112Arg; and promoter, g-219t) and the history of concussion in college athletes. We hypothesized that carrying 1 or more APOE rare (or minor) allele assessed in this study would be associated with having a history of 1 or more concussions. DESIGN: Multicenter cross-sectional study. SETTING: University athletic facilities. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred ninety-six male football (n = 163) and female soccer (n = 33) college athletes volunteered. INTERVENTIONS: Written concussion history questionnaire and saliva samples for genotyping. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported history of a documented concussion and rare APOE genotype (E2, E4, promoter). RESULTS: There was a significant association (Wald χ² = 3.82; P = 0.05; odds ratio = 9.8) between carrying all APOE rare alleles and the history of a previous concussion. There was also a significant association (Wald χ² = 3.96, P = 0.04, odds ratio = 8.4) between carrying the APOE promoter minor allele and experiencing 2 or more concussions. CONCLUSIONS: Carriers of all 3 APOE rare (or minor) alleles assessed in this study were nearly 10 times more likely to report a previous concussion and may be at a greater risk of concussion versus noncarriers. Promoter minor allele carriers were 8.4 times more likely to report multiple concussions and may be at a greater risk of multiple concussions versus noncarriers. Research involving larger samples of individuals with multiple concussions and carriers of multiple APOE rare alleles is warranted.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms (E2, C/T Arg158Cys; E4, T/C Cys112Arg; and promoter, g-219t) and the history of concussion in college athletes. We hypothesized that carrying 1 or more APOE rare (or minor) allele assessed in this study would be associated with having a history of 1 or more concussions. DESIGN: Multicenter cross-sectional study. SETTING: University athletic facilities. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred ninety-six male football (n = 163) and female soccer (n = 33) college athletes volunteered. INTERVENTIONS: Written concussion history questionnaire and saliva samples for genotyping. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Self-reported history of a documented concussion and rare APOE genotype (E2, E4, promoter). RESULTS: There was a significant association (Wald χ² = 3.82; P = 0.05; odds ratio = 9.8) between carrying all APOE rare alleles and the history of a previous concussion. There was also a significant association (Wald χ² = 3.96, P = 0.04, odds ratio = 8.4) between carrying the APOE promoter minor allele and experiencing 2 or more concussions. CONCLUSIONS: Carriers of all 3 APOE rare (or minor) alleles assessed in this study were nearly 10 times more likely to report a previous concussion and may be at a greater risk of concussion versus noncarriers. Promoter minor allele carriers were 8.4 times more likely to report multiple concussions and may be at a greater risk of multiple concussions versus noncarriers. Research involving larger samples of individuals with multiple concussions and carriers of multiple APOE rare alleles is warranted.
Authors: Caroline J Ketcham; Eric Hall; Walter R Bixby; Srikant Vallabhajosula; Stephen E Folger; Matthew C Kostek; Paul C Miller; Kenneth P Barnes; Kirtida Patel Journal: J Vis Exp Date: 2014-12-08 Impact factor: 1.355
Authors: Aaron J Carman; Rennie Ferguson; Robert Cantu; R Dawn Comstock; Penny A Dacks; Steven T DeKosky; Sam Gandy; James Gilbert; Chad Gilliland; Gerard Gioia; Christopher Giza; Michael Greicius; Brian Hainline; Ronald L Hayes; James Hendrix; Barry Jordan; James Kovach; Rachel F Lane; Rebekah Mannix; Thomas Murray; Tad Seifert; Diana W Shineman; Eric Warren; Elisabeth Wilde; Huntington Willard; Howard M Fillit Journal: Nat Rev Neurol Date: 2015-03-17 Impact factor: 42.937
Authors: Mark S Dziemianowicz; Matthew P Kirschen; Bryan A Pukenas; Eric Laudano; Laura J Balcer; Steven L Galetta Journal: Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep Date: 2012-10 Impact factor: 5.081