Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy for brain tumor image-guided surgery.

We demonstrate for the first time the application of an endoscopic fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) system to the intraoperative diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The clinically compatible FLIM prototype integrates a gated (down to 0.2 ns) intensifier imaging system with a fiber-bundle (fiber image guide of 0.5 mm diameter, 10,000 fibers with a gradient index lens objective 0.5 NA, and 4 mm field of view) to provide intraoperative access to the surgical field. Experiments conducted in three patients undergoing craniotomy for tumor resection demonstrate that FLIM-derived parameters allow for delineation of tumor from normal cortex. For example, at 460±25-nm wavelength band emission corresponding to NADH/NADPH fluorescence, GBM exhibited a weaker fluorescence intensity (35% less, p-value<0.05) and a longer lifetime τGBM-Amean=1.59±0.24 ns than normal cortex τNC-Amean=1.28±0.04 ns (p-value<0.005). Current results demonstrate the potential use of FLIM as a tool for image-guided surgery of brain tumors.