Palytoxin toxicology: animal studies.

Palytoxin and its derivatives have been implicated in toxic events in humans following ingestion or inhalation, and many studies on the toxicities of these substances to animals, via various routes of administration, have been described. In this report, the toxicity of palytoxin to animals has been reviewed, with comments on possible mechanisms of action. Information required for the risk assessment of palytoxin and its derivatives is by no means complete, and recommendations for further studies, which may better inform regulatory decisions regarding these substances, are also discussed.