Recent developments in the inhibitors of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration: inflammatory oxidative enzymes as a drug target.

IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD: Increasing evidence indicates that glial cells play a pivotal role in a wide range of brain diseases. As glial cells orchestrate inflammatory responses in the CNS, recent studies have focused on glial cells and neuroinflammation as drug targets for the treatment of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW: In this review, we aim to give an overview of the current literature and patents for inhibitors of inflammatory oxidative enzymes in glia such as NADPH oxidase, myeloperoxidase, COX-2 and 5-lipooxygenase. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN: Recent literature and patents on natural products or small molecule-based inhibitors of glial oxidative enzymes are reviewed. TAKE HOME MESSAGE: Extensive studies and patents recently reported in this field suggest that glial inhibitors may soon proceed to clinical trials. However, before glial inhibitors can serve as novel drugs for the treatment of neuroinflammatory disorders, the neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects of glial neuroinflammatory responses need to be better dissected.