| Literature DB >> 20859824 |
A Chiu1, X L Shi, W K P Lee, R Hill, T P Wakeman, A Katz, B Xu, N S Dalal, J D Robertson, C Chen, N Chiu, L Donehower.
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium combines with glutathione in chloride intracellular channel carrier to form tetravalent and pentavalent chromium in plasma and organelle membranes. It also combines with NADH/NADPH to form pentavalent chromium in mitochondria. Tetravalent- and pentavalent- chromium (directly and indirectly) mediated DNA double strand breaks activate DNA damage signaling sensors: DNA-dependent-protein-kinase signals p53-dependent intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis, and ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated and ataxia-telangiectasia-Rad3-related signal cell-arrest for DNA repair. Tetravalent chromium may be the most potent species since it causes DNA breaks and somatic recombination, but not apoptosis. Upon further failure of apoptosis and senescence/DNA-repair, damaged cells may become immortal with loss-of-heterozygosity and genetic plasticity.Entities:
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Year: 2010 PMID: 20859824 PMCID: PMC4330561 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2010.504980
Source DB: PubMed Journal: J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev ISSN: 1059-0501 Impact factor: 3.781