Inflammation as death or life signal in diabetic fracture healing.

Increased apoptosis of chondrocytes and osteoblasts and prolonged survival of osteoclasts lead to early destruction of callus tissue and impair bone remodeling in fracture healing of diabetic patients. Diabetes is accompanied by an increased inflammatory state, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), a heterogenous group of toxic metabolites that can induce inflammation. Prolonged hyperglycemia and insulin resistance correlate with increased apoptosis rate and, accordingly, the proapoptotic role of several inflammatory mediators, ROS and AGEs has been also documented. In this review we summarize the most recent reports supporting the idea that inflammatory signaling increases chondrocyte and osteoblast death and prolongs osteoclast survival, resulting in impaired bone regeneration in diabetes. Antagonising inflammatory signal pathways and solution of inflammation may deserve greater attention in the management of diabetic fracture healing.