Incentivizing education: Seeing schoolwork as an investment, not a chore.

Most American children expect to attend college but because they do not necessarily spend much time on schoolwork, they may fail to reach their imagined "college-bound" future self. The proposed identity-based motivation model helps explain why this gap occurs: Imagined "college-bound" identities cue school-focused behavior if they are salient and feel relevant to current choice options, not otherwise. Two studies with predominantly low-income and African American middle school students support this prediction. Almost all of the students expect to attend college, but only half describe education-dependent (e.g., law, medicine) adult identities. Having education-dependent rather than education-independent adult identities (e.g., sports, entertainment) predicts better grades over time, controlling for prior grade point average (Study 1). To demonstrate causality, salience of education-dependent versus education-independent adult identities was experimentally manipulated. Children who considered education-dependent adult identities (vs. education-independent ones) were eight times more likely to complete a take-home extra credit assignment (Study 2).