Risk factor analysis and management of ureteral double-j stent complications.

Double-J ureteral stents are commonly used to manage urinary obstructions. Pain, bladder irritative symptoms, and fever are usually signs of early complications related to double-J stents; late complications are more troublesome. We review 4 cases that highlight a variety of late complications with double-J stents (encrustation, migration, and fragmentation). Following a review of the literature, guidelines are established for monitoring potential risk factors as well as management strategies for prevention of possible complications when using double-J stents.