A case of aggressive myeloma recognized shortly after the remission following high-dose chemotherapy with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.

A 45-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with acute renal failure and pyrexia. In August 2005, the patient was diagnosed with IgA-λ type multiple myeloma with chromosome 13 deletion, and received three cycles of vinclistine, adriamycin and dexamethasone followed by high-dose melphalan-based autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation: this resulted in remission 2 months before admission to our hospital. Serum IgA concentration was within the normal limit, but an excess of myeloma cells in bone marrow was confirmed. Immunoelectrophoresis revealed BJP-λ production with no IgA-λ. The patient received several courses of chemotherapy with mechanical ventilation and regular hemodialysis. The progression of the illness was rapid: multiple organ failure promptly developed and the patient died 2 months after admission. Autopsy revealed deposition of light chain λ protein in multiple organs. We report this unusual case of aggressive myeloma recognized shortly after successful autologous transplantation.