Nuclear receptors in stem cells and their therapeutic potential.

The core transcriptional regulatory circuitries are important for controlling stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Nuclear receptors provide an ideal model to regulate gene expression in both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent manners. Recent studies of regulatory events by nuclear receptors in neural stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provided unique insights into mechanisms of stem cell regulation and provided invaluable resources for regenerative medicine. Nuclear receptors have been shown to be key players in stem cell self-renewal, pluripotency, and reprogramming. We summarize recent progress of studies on nuclear receptors in stem cell field as well as the potential therapeutic implications of these nuclear receptors and their cognate ligands. These studies not only uncover molecular mechanisms of stem cell regulation, but also provide unique opportunities for drug discovery.