Duckweed Lemna minor as a tool for testing toxicity and genotoxicity of surface waters.

In this investigation growth parameters and certain endpoints (pigment content, peroxidase activity, lipid peroxidation and alkaline comet assay) were used to detect the toxic and genotoxic effects of surface water samples on duckweed plants. The surface waters of different origin and pollutant burdens were collected monthly over a 3-month monitoring period at three sampling sites along the river Sava and its confluents (Croatia). Physicochemical characterization of the water samples included measurements of conductivity, chemical and biological oxygen demand, levels of total suspended solids, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, Kjeldahl nitrogen and orthophosphate. Surface water samples collected from three stations caused reduction of duckweed growth rates, chlorophylls and carotenoid contents and peroxidase activity. In contrast, damage to membrane lipids (estimated by malondialdehyde content) and especially to DNA (estimated by tail extent moment) markedly increased in duckweed exposed to industrial wastewater samples. The results from the study indicate the ability of selected biomarkers to predict the phyto- and genotoxic effects of complex water mixtures on living organisms as well as the relevance of duckweed as a sensitive indicator of water quality.