Depression and heart failure: an overview of what we know and don't know.

Depression is prevalent in patients with heart failure, and the two conditions share underlying physiologic mechanisms. The prevalence of depression increases sharply with the severity of heart failure symptoms, an important consideration when confronting patients with worsening heart failure. Depression leads to poorer outcomes in patients with heart failure, including increased risk of poor functional status, hospital readmission, and death. Although beta-blockers are often implicated in the development and exacerbation of depression, evidence for this association is lacking, so withholding beta-blocker therapy is not recommended for patients with heart failure and depression. Evidence on whether therapy for depression also improves cardiac outcomes in heart failure patients is inconclusive, and further research on this question is needed. Nevertheless, early identification of depression in heart failure patients is imperative, as it can facilitate intervention attempts.