Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller1. 1. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States. sylvia.smoller@einstein.yu.edu
Abstract
AIMS: The aim of this article is to provide an overview of stroke in women and describe modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for stroke. DATA SYNTHESIS: Data supporting this article come from the National Center for Health Statistics, from American Heart Association publications, and from some of the large, multicenter trials and observational studies that inform guidelines for prevention of stroke. These data indicate that stroke is the third leading cause of death in women, that risk for stroke rises rapidly with age, and that the strongest risk factors for stroke are high blood pressure and atrial fibrillation, as well as diabetes and smoking. Risk rises rapidly when two or more risk factors are present. Hormone therapy in postmenopausal women increases risk of ischemic, but not hemorrhagic stroke, by 40-50%. Biomarkers of inflammation are associated with stroke risk. Other risk factors include certain lipids, physical inactivity, and low potassium diets. Although there has been improvement in the past decade, control of hypertension is inadequate in older women and many strokes could be prevented by better treatment of hypertension. CONCLUSION: Death and disability from stroke can be reduced with modification, treatment, and better control of risk factors like hypertension, diabetes and atrial fibrillation. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
AIMS: The aim of this article is to provide an overview of stroke in women and describe modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for stroke. DATA SYNTHESIS: Data supporting this article come from the National Center for Health Statistics, from American Heart Association publications, and from some of the large, multicenter trials and observational studies that inform guidelines for prevention of stroke. These data indicate that stroke is the third leading cause of death in women, that risk for stroke rises rapidly with age, and that the strongest risk factors for stroke are high blood pressure and atrial fibrillation, as well as diabetes and smoking. Risk rises rapidly when two or more risk factors are present. Hormone therapy in postmenopausal women increases risk of ischemic, but not hemorrhagic stroke, by 40-50%. Biomarkers of inflammation are associated with stroke risk. Other risk factors include certain lipids, physical inactivity, and low potassium diets. Although there has been improvement in the past decade, control of hypertension is inadequate in older women and many strokes could be prevented by better treatment of hypertension. CONCLUSION:Death and disability from stroke can be reduced with modification, treatment, and better control of risk factors like hypertension, diabetes and atrial fibrillation. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Authors: Margaret C Fang; Daniel E Singer; Yuchiao Chang; Elaine M Hylek; Lori E Henault; Nancy G Jensvold; Alan S Go Journal: Circulation Date: 2005-09-12 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: F Turnbull; B Neal; T Ninomiya; C Algert; H Arima; F Barzi; C Bulpitt; J Chalmers; R Fagard; A Gleason; S Heritier; N Li; V Perkovic; M Woodward; S MacMahon Journal: BMJ Date: 2008-05-14
Authors: Larry B Goldstein; Robert Adams; Mark J Alberts; Lawrence J Appel; Lawrence M Brass; Cheryl D Bushnell; Antonio Culebras; Thomas J DeGraba; Philip B Gorelick; John R Guyton; Robert G Hart; George Howard; Margaret Kelly-Hayes; J V Ian Nixon; Ralph L Sacco Journal: Circulation Date: 2006-06-20 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: Abel Romero-Corral; Victor M Montori; Virend K Somers; Josef Korinek; Randal J Thomas; Thomas G Allison; Farouk Mookadam; Francisco Lopez-Jimenez Journal: Lancet Date: 2006-08-19 Impact factor: 79.321
Authors: Larry B Goldstein; Robert Adams; Mark J Alberts; Lawrence J Appel; Lawrence M Brass; Cheryl D Bushnell; Antonio Culebras; Thomas J Degraba; Philip B Gorelick; John R Guyton; Robert G Hart; George Howard; Margaret Kelly-Hayes; J V Ian Nixon; Ralph L Sacco Journal: Stroke Date: 2006-05-04 Impact factor: 7.914
Authors: Christie M Ballantyne; Ron C Hoogeveen; Heejung Bang; Josef Coresh; Aaron R Folsom; Lloyd E Chambless; Merle Myerson; Kenneth K Wu; A Richey Sharrett; Eric Boerwinkle Journal: Arch Intern Med Date: 2005-11-28
Authors: Robert C Kaplan; Aileen P McGinn; Alison E Baird; Susan L Hendrix; Charles Kooperberg; John Lynch; Daniel M Rosenbaum; Karen C Johnson; Howard D Strickler; Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller Journal: J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis Date: 2008 Nov-Dec Impact factor: 2.136
Authors: Margaret C Fang; Alan S Go; Yuchiao Chang; Leila Borowsky; Niela K Pomernacki; Daniel E Singer Journal: J Am Coll Cardiol Date: 2008-02-26 Impact factor: 24.094
Authors: Nigel S Beckett; Ruth Peters; Astrid E Fletcher; Jan A Staessen; Lisheng Liu; Dan Dumitrascu; Vassil Stoyanovsky; Riitta L Antikainen; Yuri Nikitin; Craig Anderson; Alli Belhani; Françoise Forette; Chakravarthi Rajkumar; Lutgarde Thijs; Winston Banya; Christopher J Bulpitt Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2008-03-31 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller; Charles Kooperberg; Aileen P McGinn; Robert C Kaplan; Judith Hsia; Susan L Hendrix; JoAnn E Manson; Jeffrey S Berger; Lewis H Kuller; Matthew A Allison; Alison E Baird Journal: Hypertension Date: 2008-02-07 Impact factor: 10.190
Authors: Christina L Bell; Andrea LaCroix; Kamal Masaki; Erinn M Hade; Todd Manini; W Jerry Mysiw; Jess David Curb; Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller Journal: J Am Geriatr Soc Date: 2013-07-19 Impact factor: 5.562