Controlled alignment of multiple proteins and nanoparticles with nanometer resolution via backbone-modified phosphorothioate DNA and bifunctional linkers.

Controlled alignment of streptavidin (STV), myoglobin, and nanoparticles with nanometer resolution has been achieved via backbone-modified phosphorothioate DNA and biotin- and maleimide-containing bifunctional linkers. Introducing triplet biotin modifications in three adjacent PSs significantly increased the STV conjugation yield. By placing phosphorothioate modifications at multiple positions of a double stranded DNA template, monomer, dimer, and trimer STV-DNA assemblies were formed with the STVs placed at controlled positions. The activity of the conjugated protein has been demonstrated by binding biotinylated AuNPs onto STV-DNA complexes, indicating the use of the system as a template for the formation of AuNP dimers and trimers with STVs separated by distances of 10-30 nm. Furthermore, a melting temperature experiment carried out with an STV-dsDNA assembly showed that the bifunctional-linker-modified PS-DNA system is much more stable than base-modified conjugation systems. This method allows for high yield, nanoscale-precision conjugation of multiple proteins to DNA. The linker can be designed to conjugate any proteins and nanomaterials specifically for a wide range of applications.