Next-generation model-based drug discovery and development: quantitative and systems pharmacology.

Pharmaceutical researchers have undertaken many initiatives and technologies to stem the rising costs of drug discovery and development. Biomarkers, adaptive trial designs, modeling, trial simulations, predictive metabolism, data mining, and disease models have reshaped the way in which researchers approach discovery and development. Quantitative pharmacology (QP), which leverages model-based approaches, operates at both cultural and technical levels to integrate data and scientific disciplines so as to utilize existing knowledge while concomitantly enhancing the ability to make predictions about future experiments and results.