OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of heroin use among patients who were involved in community-based methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) program and to identify the risk factors associated with heroin use. METHODS: This study was conducted in 9 MMT clinics within 3 provinces. Thirteen hundred and one patients who met the study criteria were selected from each of the five groups with different dosages of methadone users. An administrative questionnaire was applied to explore the demographics, drug abuse-related behaviors and MMT services received by the clients, etc. The prevalence of depression and anxiety among the clients were also collected by SAS and SDS. Urine samples were collected as a biological marker to indicate if heroin had been used. RESULTS: Of the 1301 patients, 76.2% were males. The mean age was (34.6 +/- 6.5) years while 71.7% had an education level of primary school or below. The average daily dosage of methadone was (48.1 +/- 29.4) mg and self-satisfied evaluation score on treatment was 8.6. On average, 27.7% urine samples showed positive opiate evidence. Marital status, employment status, treatment retention, self-satisfied evaluation score on dosage and dropout history were found to be significantly associated with heroin use, while gender, education level and dosage had no significant association with heroin use. It seemed that risk factors that associated with heroin use were different from areas to areas. CONCLUSION: High quality MMT clinic services, high self-satisfied score, longer treatment retention and low dropout rate seemed to have the effects of reducing the risk of ongoing heroin abuse under the methadone maintenance treatment program.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of heroin use among patients who were involved in community-based methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) program and to identify the risk factors associated with heroin use. METHODS: This study was conducted in 9 MMT clinics within 3 provinces. Thirteen hundred and one patients who met the study criteria were selected from each of the five groups with different dosages of methadone users. An administrative questionnaire was applied to explore the demographics, drug abuse-related behaviors and MMT services received by the clients, etc. The prevalence of depression and anxiety among the clients were also collected by SAS and SDS. Urine samples were collected as a biological marker to indicate if heroin had been used. RESULTS: Of the 1301 patients, 76.2% were males. The mean age was (34.6 +/- 6.5) years while 71.7% had an education level of primary school or below. The average daily dosage of methadone was (48.1 +/- 29.4) mg and self-satisfied evaluation score on treatment was 8.6. On average, 27.7% urine samples showed positive opiate evidence. Marital status, employment status, treatment retention, self-satisfied evaluation score on dosage and dropout history were found to be significantly associated with heroin use, while gender, education level and dosage had no significant association with heroin use. It seemed that risk factors that associated with heroin use were different from areas to areas. CONCLUSION: High quality MMT clinic services, high self-satisfied score, longer treatment retention and low dropout rate seemed to have the effects of reducing the risk of ongoing heroin abuse under the methadone maintenance treatment program.