Jennifer M Yeh1, Wendy Ho, Chin Hur. 1. Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Endoscopic surveillance of presumed-benign gastric ulcers may detect missed malignancy, but its impact on long-term outcomes is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness of follow-up surveillance. DESIGN: State-transition model. SETTING: To simulate the clinical course of presumed-benign gastric ulcers, we estimated prevalence and incidence of undetected gastric cancer, surveillance effectiveness, stage-specific disease mortality rates, and costs from clinical studies and databases. PATIENTS: This study involved 60-year-old men diagnosed with presumed-benign gastric ulcers. INTERVENTION: Follow-up endoscopic surveillance. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Lifetime gastric cancer risk, life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy, lifetime costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. RESULTS: For a cohort of 60-year-old men with presumed-benign gastric ulcers and a 2.6% prevalence of undetected malignancy, the lifetime gastric cancer risk was 4.4%. Surveillance improved (undiscounted) life expectancy by 10.0 days and increased discounted quality-adjusted life expectancy by 3.4 days at a cost of $146,700 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Surveillance cost less than $50,000 per QALY if the undetected gastric cancer prevalence was 6.5%, and it cost less than $100,000 per QALY if the prevalence was greater than 3.5%, endoscopy costs were 40% lower, or the disutility associated with gastric cancer was 30% lower. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis suggested that at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000 per QALY, the probability that surveillance was cost effective was 25.2%. LIMITATIONS: Data from multiple sources with varied study designs were used. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic surveillance of presumed-benign gastric ulcers may improve overall survival. However, unless the prevalence of having undetected malignancy exceeds 6%, surveillance is unlikely to be cost-effective. Copyright 2010 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
BACKGROUND: Endoscopic surveillance of presumed-benign gastric ulcers may detect missed malignancy, but its impact on long-term outcomes is uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness of follow-up surveillance. DESIGN: State-transition model. SETTING: To simulate the clinical course of presumed-benign gastric ulcers, we estimated prevalence and incidence of undetected gastric cancer, surveillance effectiveness, stage-specific disease mortality rates, and costs from clinical studies and databases. PATIENTS: This study involved 60-year-old men diagnosed with presumed-benign gastric ulcers. INTERVENTION: Follow-up endoscopic surveillance. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Lifetime gastric cancer risk, life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy, lifetime costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. RESULTS: For a cohort of 60-year-old men with presumed-benign gastric ulcers and a 2.6% prevalence of undetected malignancy, the lifetime gastric cancer risk was 4.4%. Surveillance improved (undiscounted) life expectancy by 10.0 days and increased discounted quality-adjusted life expectancy by 3.4 days at a cost of $146,700 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY). Surveillance cost less than $50,000 per QALY if the undetected gastric cancer prevalence was 6.5%, and it cost less than $100,000 per QALY if the prevalence was greater than 3.5%, endoscopy costs were 40% lower, or the disutility associated with gastric cancer was 30% lower. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis suggested that at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000 per QALY, the probability that surveillance was cost effective was 25.2%. LIMITATIONS: Data from multiple sources with varied study designs were used. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic surveillance of presumed-benign gastric ulcers may improve overall survival. However, unless the prevalence of having undetected malignancy exceeds 6%, surveillance is unlikely to be cost-effective. Copyright 2010 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
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