When speech is ambiguous gesture steps in: Sensitivity to discourse-pragmatic principles in early childhood.

Young children produce gestures to disambiguate arguments. This study explores whether the gestures they produce are constrained by discourse-pragmatic principles: person and information status. We ask whether children use gesture more often to indicate the referents that have to be specified, i.e., 3(rd) person and new referents, than the referents that do not have to be specified, i.e., 1(st)/2(nd) person and given referents. Chinese- and English-speaking children were videotaped while interacting spontaneously with adults, and their speech and gestures were coded for referential expressions. We found that both groups of children tended to use nouns when indicating 3(rd) person and new referents but pronouns or null arguments when indicating 1(st)/2(nd) person and given referents. They also produced gestures more often when indicating 3(rd) person and new referents, particularly when those referents were ambiguously conveyed by less explicit referring expressions (pronouns, null arguments). Thus Chinese- and English-speaking children show sensitivity to discourse-pragmatic principles not only in speech but also in gesture.