Integration of ER stress, oxidative stress and the inflammatory response in health and disease.

There has been much effort to define the molecular basis by which pathophysiological stimuli initiate and/or propagate the inflammatory response. Recent research endeavors on stress response from a cellular organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) shed new light on the understating of the molecular basis of the inflammatory response and its interaction with other intracellular stress signaling pathways. As a protein folding compartment and dynamic calcium store, the ER plays major roles in sensing cellular stress and mediating highly-specific signaling pathways termed Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). The UPR signaling emanating from the ER has been identified as one of the avenues leading to the inflammatory response. The integration of ER stress, oxidative stress, and the inflammatory response is critical to the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. In this brief review, we discuss some representative evidence for the integration of ER stress, oxidative stress, and inflammation in health and disease.