Direct reprogramming 101.

Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into a pluripotent state has been achieved with a set of just four transcription factors. Many scientists and medical doctors are trying to elucidate the causes of intractable diseases and discover new drugs using the newest types of technology. Various methods have been developed to produce clinical-grade fully reprogrammed cells for cell transplantation therapy. Augmenting agents, such as small-molecules, have been extensively screened to improve the reprogramming efficiency. The molecular mechanisms of reprogramming have been revealed by embryonic stem cell research. The accumulation of knowledge by the pioneers has driven the reprogramming field. In the present article, the contents of gift boxes from the studies of pluripotency to the nuclear reprogramming field are introduced.