BACKGROUND: The nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling cascade is involved in the precise regulation of platelet responses. NO released from the endothelium is known to activate NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC) in platelets. By the generation of cGMP and subsequent activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), NO-GC mediates the reduction of the intracellular calcium and inhibits platelet adhesion and aggregation. However, NO has been postulated to influence these platelet functions also via cGMP-independent mechanisms. OBJECTIVE: We studied the effect of NO on platelets lacking NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase with regards to aggregation, adhesion, calcium mobilization and bleeding time. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here, we show that NO signaling leading to inhibition of agonist-induced platelet aggregation is totally abrogated in platelets from mice deficient in NO-GC (GCKO). Even at millimolar concentrations none of the several different NO donors inhibited collagen-induced aggregation of GCKO platelets. In addition, NO neither affected adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-induced adhesion nor thrombin-induced calcium release in GCKO platelets. Although the NO-induced cGMP signal transduction was totally abrogated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling was still functional; however, cGMP/cAMP crosstalk was disturbed on the level of phosphodiesterase type 3 (PDE3). These in vitro data are completed by a reduced bleeding time indicating the lack of NO effect in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that NO-GC is the only NO receptor in murine platelets mediating the inhibition of calcium release, adhesion and aggregation: lack of the enzyme leads to disturbance of primary hemostasis.
BACKGROUND: The nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling cascade is involved in the precise regulation of platelet responses. NO released from the endothelium is known to activate NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (NO-GC) in platelets. By the generation of cGMP and subsequent activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), NO-GC mediates the reduction of the intracellular calcium and inhibits platelet adhesion and aggregation. However, NO has been postulated to influence these platelet functions also via cGMP-independent mechanisms. OBJECTIVE: We studied the effect of NO on platelets lacking NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase with regards to aggregation, adhesion, calcium mobilization and bleeding time. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here, we show that NO signaling leading to inhibition of agonist-induced platelet aggregation is totally abrogated in platelets from mice deficient in NO-GC (GCKO). Even at millimolar concentrations none of the several different NO donors inhibited collagen-induced aggregation of GCKO platelets. In addition, NO neither affected adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP)-induced adhesion nor thrombin-induced calcium release in GCKO platelets. Although the NO-induced cGMP signal transduction was totally abrogated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling was still functional; however, cGMP/cAMP crosstalk was disturbed on the level of phosphodiesterase type 3 (PDE3). These in vitro data are completed by a reduced bleeding time indicating the lack of NO effect in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that NO-GC is the only NO receptor in murine platelets mediating the inhibition of calcium release, adhesion and aggregation: lack of the enzyme leads to disturbance of primary hemostasis.
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