BACKGROUND: Factors associated with depression are usually identified from cross-sectional studies. AIMS: We explore the relative roles of onset and recovery in determining these associations. METHOD: Hazard ratios for onset and recovery were estimated for 39 risk factors from a cohort study of 10,045 general practice attendees whose depression status was assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: Risk factors have a stronger relative effect on the rate of onset than recovery. The strongest risk factors for both onset and maintenance of depression tend to be time-dependent. With the exception of female gender the strength of a risk factor's effect on onset is highly predictive of its impact on recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive measures will achieve a greater reduction in the prevalence of depression than measures designed to eliminate risk factors post onset. The strength of time-dependent risk factors suggests that it is more productive to focus on proximal rather than distal factors.
BACKGROUND: Factors associated with depression are usually identified from cross-sectional studies. AIMS: We explore the relative roles of onset and recovery in determining these associations. METHOD: Hazard ratios for onset and recovery were estimated for 39 risk factors from a cohort study of 10,045 general practice attendees whose depression status was assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: Risk factors have a stronger relative effect on the rate of onset than recovery. The strongest risk factors for both onset and maintenance of depression tend to be time-dependent. With the exception of female gender the strength of a risk factor's effect on onset is highly predictive of its impact on recovery. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive measures will achieve a greater reduction in the prevalence of depression than measures designed to eliminate risk factors post onset. The strength of time-dependent risk factors suggests that it is more productive to focus on proximal rather than distal factors.
Authors: Cristina A Fernandez; Benjamin Vicente; Brandon Dl Marshall; Karestan C Koenen; Kristopher L Arheart; Robert Kohn; Sandra Saldivia; Stephen L Buka Journal: Int J Epidemiol Date: 2017-04-01 Impact factor: 7.196
Authors: Bauke T Stegenga; Mirjam I Geerlings; Francisco Torres-González; Miguel Xavier; Igor Svab; Brenda W Penninx; Irwin Nazareth; Michael King Journal: Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol Date: 2012-11-21 Impact factor: 4.328
Authors: K J Wardenaar; H M van Loo; T Cai; M Fava; M J Gruber; J Li; P de Jonge; A A Nierenberg; M V Petukhova; S Rose; N A Sampson; R A Schoevers; M A Wilcox; J Alonso; E J Bromet; B Bunting; S E Florescu; A Fukao; O Gureje; C Hu; Y Q Huang; A N Karam; D Levinson; M E Medina Mora; J Posada-Villa; K M Scott; N I Taib; M C Viana; M Xavier; Z Zarkov; R C Kessler Journal: Psychol Med Date: 2014-07-17 Impact factor: 7.723
Authors: Bauke T Stegenga; Irwin Nazareth; Diederick E Grobbee; Francisco Torres-González; Igor Svab; Heidi-Ingrid Maaroos; Miguel Xavier; Sandra Saldivia; Christian Bottomley; Michael King; Mirjam I Geerlings Journal: J Affect Disord Date: 2011-11-25 Impact factor: 4.839
Authors: Bauke T Stegenga; Michael King; Diederick E Grobbee; Francisco Torres-González; Igor Švab; Heidi-Ingrid Maaroos; Miguel Xavier; Sandra Saldivia; Christian Bottomley; Irwin Nazareth; Mirjam I Geerlings Journal: Ann Epidemiol Date: 2012-06 Impact factor: 3.797
Authors: Hanna M van Loo; Tianxi Cai; Michael J Gruber; Junlong Li; Peter de Jonge; Maria Petukhova; Sherri Rose; Nancy A Sampson; Robert A Schoevers; Klaas J Wardenaar; Marsha A Wilcox; Ali Obaid Al-Hamzawi; Laura Helena Andrade; Evelyn J Bromet; Brendan Bunting; John Fayyad; Silvia E Florescu; Oye Gureje; Chiyi Hu; Yueqin Huang; Daphna Levinson; Maria Elena Medina-Mora; Yoshibumi Nakane; Jose Posada-Villa; Kate M Scott; Miguel Xavier; Zahari Zarkov; Ronald C Kessler Journal: Depress Anxiety Date: 2014-01-14 Impact factor: 6.505
Authors: Sharmishtha S Deshpande; Bhalchandra Kalmegh; Poonam N Patil; Madhav R Ghate; Sanjeev Sarmukaddam; Vasudeo P Paralikar Journal: Depress Res Treat Date: 2014-01-21