Growth differentiation factor-15: a new biomarker in cardiovascular disease.

Growth differentiation factor-(GDF-)15 is a stress-responsive cytokine that is emerging as a biomarker of cardiac and vascular dysfunction and disease. Elevated circulating levels of GDF-15 identify high-risk individuals across the cardiovascular continuum, from stable coronary artery disease to acute coronary syndrome and heart failure. The association of GDF-15 with outcome in these conditions is independent of clinical risk factors and established biomarkers, including NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) and troponin. The prognostic information provided by GDF-15 in cardiovascular disease may inform patient management, e.g., by identifying patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome who benefit from an invasive strategy, or by monitoring treatment response in heart failure. Future studies need to evaluate prospectively whether GDF-15, alone or as part of a multimarker strategy, can improve contemporary risk prediction algorithms and support therapeutic management of patients with cardiovascular disease.