Gene expression profiling of dilated cardiomyopathy in older male EP4 knockout mice.

Using a line of mice with cardiac-specific knockout (KO) of the EP4 receptor gene, experiments were designed to determine whether a cardiac phenotype developed with age. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography in 23- to 33-wk-old male and female KO and littermate controls (WT) mice. After echocardiography, hearts were removed to assess weight, and then some were further processed for histology [myocyte cross-sectional area (MCSA), interstitial collagen fraction (ICF), and macrophage infiltration] and some for extraction of total RNA and protein. Older male KO mice had reduced ejection fraction (EF) coupled with left ventricular dilatation. MCSA and infiltrating macrophages were not different between groups, but ICF increased by 39% in KO mice. In contrast to male KO mice, 30- to 32-wk-old female KO mice had only a slight reduction in EF. To understand gene expression differences between male WT and KO mice, we performed whole genome gene expression profiling (Illumina BeadChips) on hearts of 30-to 32-wk-old mice. Data indicated that 156 genes were overexpressed in the KO hearts more than twofold, including genes involved in remodeling, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Overexpressed chemokines/cytokines were further examined in hearts of 10- to 12-wk-old male KO mice, and we found that growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) expression was higher in KO than in WT hearts. In conclusion, EP4 knockdown in cardiac myocytes in aged male KO mice is in part associated with increased fibrosis, reduced EF, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Early overexpression of GDF-15 in hearts of male KO mice may contribute to or be a marker of the disease phenotype. The absence of serious cardiac dysfunction in aged female mice suggests a sexual dimorphism in the phenotype.