Dispersion characteristics of various metal oxide secondary nanoparticles in culture medium for in vitro toxicology assessment.

The aim of this study is to characterize the dispersion characteristics of various metal oxide nanoparticles and secondary nanoparticle formation in culture medium. Many studies have already investigated the in vitro toxicities of various metal oxide nanoparticles; however, there have been few discussions about the particle transport mode to cells during a period of toxicity assessment. The particle transport mode would strongly affect the amount of uptake by cells; therefore, estimation of the transport mode for various metal oxide particles is important. Fourteen different metal oxide nanoparticle dispersions in a culture medium were examined. The sizes of the secondary nanoparticles were observed to be larger than 100 nm by dynamic light scattering (DLS). According to Stokes law and the Stokes-Einstein assumption, pure metal oxide particles with such sizes should gravitationally settle faster than diffusion processes; however, the secondary metal oxide particles examined in this study exhibited unexpectedly slower gravitational settling rates. The slow gravitational settling kinetics of particles was estimated to be caused by the inclusion of protein into the secondary nanoparticles, which resulted in lower densities than the pure metal oxide particles. The ratios of metal oxide to protein in secondary particles could be affected by the protein adsorption ability of the corresponding metal oxide primary particles. To the best of our knowledge, it was clarified for the first time that stably dispersed secondary metal oxide nanoparticles with slow gravitational settling kinetics are induced by secondary nanoparticles consisting of small amounts of metal oxide particles and large amounts of protein, which results in lower particle densities than the pure metal oxide particles. The estimation of particle dynamics in culture medium using this method would be significant to recognize the inherent toxicity of nanoparticles. Copyright (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.