Understanding toxicity as processes in time.

Studies in ecotoxicology usually focus on a single end point (typically mortality, growth, or reproduction) at a standardized exposure time. The exposure time is chosen irrespective of the properties of the chemical under scrutiny, but should depend on the organism of choice in combination with the compound(s) of interest. This paper discusses the typical patterns for toxic effects in time that can be observed for the most encountered endpoints growth reproduction and survival. Ignoring the fact that toxicity is a process in time can lead to severe bias in environmental risk assessment. We show that especially EC(x) values for sublethal endpoints can show very distinct patterns in time. We recommend that the test duration for survival as an endpoint should be extended till the incipient LC(50) is observed. Given the fact that toxicity data for single compounds show clear patterns in time, it is to be expected that effects of mixtures will also be strongly dependent on time. The few examples that have been published support this statement. Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.