Coordination of gene expression with growth rate: a feedback or a feed-forward strategy?

In the budding yeast, a large fraction of genes is coordinately regulated with growth rate. We argue that this correlation does not reflect a direct feedback from growth rate to gene expression. Rather, what appears to be a response to growth rate is dominated by environmental sensing. External parameters, such as nutrition or temperature, feed-forward to define gene expression pattern that is tuned to the evolutionary-predicted growth rate. While such a feed-forward strategy requires fine-tuning of signaling mechanisms, and is limited in the range of environments that can be monitored, it enables advanced preparation to physiological changes that predictably occur following environmental switching. The capacity to anticipate and prepare for changing conditions was probably a major selection force during yeast evolution.