Prospective study of body mass index, physical activity and thyroid cancer.

Increased body size and physical inactivity are positively related to risk of several cancers, but only few epidemiologic studies have investigated body-mass index (BMI) and physical activity in relation to thyroid cancer. We examined the relations of BMI and physical activity to thyroid cancer in a prospective cohort of 484,326 United States men and women, followed from 1995/1996 to 2003. During 3,490,300 person-years of follow-up, we documented 352 newly incident cases of thyroid cancer. The multivariate relative risks (RR) of thyroid cancer for BMI values of 18.5-24.9 (reference), 25.0-29.9 and >/=30 kg m(-2) were 1.0, 1.27 and 1.39 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05-1.85]. Adiposity predicted papillary thyroid cancers (RR comparing extreme BMI categories = 1.47; 95% CI = 1.03-2.10) and, based on small numbers, suggestively predicted follicular thyroid cancers (RR = 1.49; 95% CI = 0.79-2.82) and anaplastic thyroid cancers (RR = 5.80; 95% CI = 0.99-34.19). No relation with BMI was noted for medullary thyroid cancers (RR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.27-3.43). The positive relation of BMI to total thyroid cancer was evident for men but not for women. However, the test of interaction (p = 0.463) indicated no statistically significant gender difference. Physical activity was unassociated with thyroid cancer. The RRs of total thyroid cancer for low (reference), intermediate, and high level of physical activity were 1.0, 1.01 and 1.01 (95% CI = 0.76-1.34, p for trend = 0.931), respectively. Our results support an adverse effect of adiposity on risk for developing total and papillary, and possibly follicular thyroid cancers. Based on only 15 cases, adiposity was unrelated to medullary thyroid cancers. Physical activity was unrelated to total thyroid cancer.