Influence of biomass and gold salt concentration on nanoparticle synthesis by the tropical marine yeast Yarrowia lipolytica NCIM 3589.

Cell-associated gold nanoparticles and nanoplates were produced when varying number of Yarrowia lipolytica cells were incubated with different concentrations of chloroauric acid (HAuCl(4)) at pH 4.5. With 10(9)cells ml(-1) and 0.5 or 1.0 mM of the gold salt, the reaction mixtures developed a purple or golden red colour, respectively, and gold nanoparticles were synthesized. Nanoparticles of varying sizes were produced when 10(10)cells ml(-1) were incubated with 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mM chloroauric acid salt. With 3.0, 4.0 or 5.0 mM HAuCl(4), nanoplates were also observed. With 10(11)cells ml(-1) nanoparticles were synthesized with almost all the gold salt concentrations. The cell-associated particles were released outside when nanoparticle-loaded cells were incubated at low temperature (20 degrees C) for 48 h. With increasing salt concentrations and a fixed number of cells, the size of the nanoparticles progressively increased. On the other hand, with increasing cell numbers and a constant gold salt concentration, the size of nanoparticles decreased. These results indicate that by varying the number of cells and the gold salt concentration, a variety of nanoparticles and nanoplates can be synthesized. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the possible involvement of carboxyl, hydroxyl and amide groups on the cell surfaces in nanoparticle synthesis.