PURPOSE: To assess the effects on the proportions of lethal ice (ie, colder than -30 degrees C) in phantoms with different heat loads created by varying the size and number of cryoprobes spaced 2 cm apart. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thermocouples at 0.5-, 1.0-, and 1.5-cm intervals from 1.7- or 2.4-mm-diameter cryoprobes were held by jigs accommodating a maximum of four cryoprobes. Agar phantoms (N = 24) used three sets of baseline temperatures: approximately 6 degrees C, 24 degrees C, and 39 degrees C. Temperatures during 15-minute freeze cycles were correlated with actual thermocouple locations seen within the ice by computed tomography (CT). Diameters and surface areas of the -30 degrees C lethal isotherm were assessed over time as percentages of the overall ice ball. RESULTS: The high-heat load phantom experiments (39 degrees C) showed the greatest impact on lethal zones by percentage for all probe configurations. At 15 minutes, single-, double-, triple-, and quadruple-probe arrangements of 2.4-mm cryoprobes had average lethal ice diameters of 1.2, 3.3, 4.1, and 4.9 cm, respectively, comprising 13%, 46%, 51%, and 56% surface areas of lethal ice, respectively. Surface areas and diameters of lethal ice made by 1.7-mm cryoprobes were 71% and 84% of those made by 2.4-mm cryoprobes, respectively. Lethal ice resides less than 1 cm behind the leading edge for nearly all probe configurations and heat loads. CONCLUSIONS: Single cryoprobes create very low percentages of lethal ice. Multiple cryoprobes overcome the high heat load of body temperature phantoms and help compensate for the lower freeze capacity of thinner cryoprobes.
PURPOSE: To assess the effects on the proportions of lethal ice (ie, colder than -30 degrees C) in phantoms with different heat loads created by varying the size and number of cryoprobes spaced 2 cm apart. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thermocouples at 0.5-, 1.0-, and 1.5-cm intervals from 1.7- or 2.4-mm-diameter cryoprobes were held by jigs accommodating a maximum of four cryoprobes. Agar phantoms (N = 24) used three sets of baseline temperatures: approximately 6 degrees C, 24 degrees C, and 39 degrees C. Temperatures during 15-minute freeze cycles were correlated with actual thermocouple locations seen within the ice by computed tomography (CT). Diameters and surface areas of the -30 degrees C lethal isotherm were assessed over time as percentages of the overall ice ball. RESULTS: The high-heat load phantom experiments (39 degrees C) showed the greatest impact on lethal zones by percentage for all probe configurations. At 15 minutes, single-, double-, triple-, and quadruple-probe arrangements of 2.4-mm cryoprobes had average lethal ice diameters of 1.2, 3.3, 4.1, and 4.9 cm, respectively, comprising 13%, 46%, 51%, and 56% surface areas of lethal ice, respectively. Surface areas and diameters of lethal ice made by 1.7-mm cryoprobes were 71% and 84% of those made by 2.4-mm cryoprobes, respectively. Lethal ice resides less than 1 cm behind the leading edge for nearly all probe configurations and heat loads. CONCLUSIONS: Single cryoprobes create very low percentages of lethal ice. Multiple cryoprobes overcome the high heat load of body temperature phantoms and help compensate for the lower freeze capacity of thinner cryoprobes.
Authors: R Baissalov; G A Sandison; B J Donnelly; J C Saliken; J G McKinnon; K Muldrew; J C Rewcastle Journal: Phys Med Biol Date: 2000-05 Impact factor: 3.609
Authors: Sompol Permpongkosol; Theresa L Nicol; Hema Khurana; Richard E Link; Qihui Jim Zhai; Louis R Kavoussi; Stephen B Solomon Journal: J Vasc Interv Radiol Date: 2007-02 Impact factor: 3.464
Authors: Sompol Permpongkosol; Theresa L Nicol; Richard E Link; Ioannis Varkarakis; Hema Khurana; Qihui Jim Zhai; Louis R Kavoussi; Stephen B Solomon Journal: AJR Am J Roentgenol Date: 2007-04 Impact factor: 3.959
Authors: Peter J Littrup; Abraham Ahmed; Hussein D Aoun; Daniel L Noujaim; Ted Harb; Sam Nakat; Khaled Abdallah; Barbara A Adam; Raghu Venkatramanamoorthy; Wael Sakr; J Edson Pontes; Lance K Heilbrun Journal: J Vasc Interv Radiol Date: 2007-03 Impact factor: 3.464
Authors: Daniel I Glazer; Servet Tatli; Paul B Shyn; Mark G Vangel; Kemal Tuncali; Stuart G Silverman Journal: AJR Am J Roentgenol Date: 2017-09-27 Impact factor: 3.959
Authors: Hyun J Bang; Peter J Littrup; Brandt P Currier; Dylan J Goodrich; Hussein D Aoun; Lydia C Klein; Jarret C Kuo; Lance K Heilbrun; Shirish Gadgeel; Allen C Goodman Journal: J Vasc Interv Radiol Date: 2012-06 Impact factor: 3.464
Authors: Guglielmo Manenti; Angela L Scarano; Chiara A Pistolese; Tommaso Perretta; Elena Bonanno; Augusto Orlandi; Giovanni Simonetti Journal: Breast Care (Basel) Date: 2013-10 Impact factor: 2.860
Authors: Guglielmo Manenti; Tommaso Perretta; Eleonora Gaspari; Chiara A Pistolese; Lia Scarano; Elsa Cossu; Elena Bonanno; Oreste C Buonomo; Giuseppe Petrella; Giovanni Simonetti; Salvatore Masala Journal: Eur Radiol Date: 2011-06-17 Impact factor: 5.315