Critical roles for SoxC transcription factors in development and cancer.

Sox4, Sox11 and Sox12 constitute the group C of Sry-related HMG box proteins. They are co-expressed in embryonic neuronal progenitors and in mesenchymal cells in many developing organs. More closely related to each other than to any other proteins, they nevertheless bind DNA and activate transcription in vitro with different efficiencies. Sox4-null embryos and Sox11-null newborns die from heart malformations and the latter display widespread defects, while Sox12-null mice are viable and do not show obvious malformations. Sox4 facilitates differentiation of lymphocytes, pancreatic beta cells, osteoblasts and acts in redundancy with Sox11 to promote neuronal differentiation. Sox4 and Sox11 are upregulated in many tumor types in humans, where their roles in cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis remain controversial. Together, these data hint that Sox4 and Sox11 regulate cell differentiation, proliferation and survival in multiple essential processes, and suggest that they may act in redundancy to control many more developmental, physiological and pathological processes than currently known. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.