Percutaneous renal surgery: use of flexible nephroscopy and treatment of infundibular stenoses.

Abstract Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is now the gold standard for treatment of large renal stones. In this article, we describe the indications for use of antegrade flexible nephroscopy during percutaneous nephrolithotomy, as well as for treatment of infundibular stenosis. We also discuss various new technologies to help in these endeavors, including digital cystoscopes and ureteroscopes and our preferred baskets, as well as our particular techniques for improving stone-free rates. The treatment of infundibular stenosis through percutaneous access is also reviewed.