Fractures of the fifth metatarsal; diagnosis and treatment.

Of all foot fractures the fifth metatarsal fracture is the most common. A complete clinical and radiological assessment is required to select the best treatment option. Nondisplaced tuberosity avulsion fractures can be treated non-operatively. Surgical treatment is indicated when the fracture is displaced more than 2mm or when more than 30% of the cubometatarsal joint is involved. Non or minimally displaced shaft fractures can be treated non-operatively. If the dislocation is more than 3-4mm or the angulation is more than 10 degrees, percutaneous K-wires, plate or screw fixation is indicated. The Jones fracture is known for prolonged healing time and non-union. The indication for surgical treatment of Jones' fractures depends on activity level and Torg classification: type I fractures are treated non-operatively. Type II fractures can be treated non-operatively or operatively, depending on patient activity level. Type III fractures have more complications and should be treated operatively. Several operation techniques have been described. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.