Peter M Elias1, Matthias Schmuth. 1. Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 94121, USA. eliasp@derm.ucsf.edu
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Many recent studies have revealed the key roles played by Th1/Th2 cell dysregulation, IgE production, mast cell hyperactivity, and dendritic cell signaling in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Accordingly, current therapy has been largely directed towards ameliorating Th2-mediated inflammation and/or pruritus. We will review here emerging evidence that the inflammation in atopic dermatitis results from inherited and acquired insults to the barrier and the therapeutic implications of this new paradigm. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent molecular genetic studies have shown a strong association between mutations in FILAGGRIN and atopic dermatitis, particularly in Northern Europeans. But additional acquired stressors to the barrier are required to initiate inflammation. Sustained hapten access through a defective barrier stimulates a Th1 --> Th2 shift in immunophenotype, which in turn further aggravates the barrier. Secondary Staphylococcus aureus colonization not only amplifies inflammation but also further stresses the barrier in atopic dermatitis. SUMMARY: These results suggest a new 'outside-to-inside, back to outside' paradigm for the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. This new concept is providing impetus for the development of new categories of 'barrier repair' therapy.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Many recent studies have revealed the key roles played by Th1/Th2 cell dysregulation, IgE production, mast cell hyperactivity, and dendritic cell signaling in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Accordingly, current therapy has been largely directed towards ameliorating Th2-mediated inflammation and/or pruritus. We will review here emerging evidence that the inflammation in atopic dermatitis results from inherited and acquired insults to the barrier and the therapeutic implications of this new paradigm. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent molecular genetic studies have shown a strong association between mutations in FILAGGRIN and atopic dermatitis, particularly in Northern Europeans. But additional acquired stressors to the barrier are required to initiate inflammation. Sustained hapten access through a defective barrier stimulates a Th1 --> Th2 shift in immunophenotype, which in turn further aggravates the barrier. Secondary Staphylococcus aureus colonization not only amplifies inflammation but also further stresses the barrier in atopic dermatitis. SUMMARY: These results suggest a new 'outside-to-inside, back to outside' paradigm for the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. This new concept is providing impetus for the development of new categories of 'barrier repair' therapy.
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