An unusual cyanobacterium from saline thermal waters with relatives from unexpected habitats.

Cyanobacteria that grow above seawater salinity at temperatures above 45 degrees C have rarely been studied. Cyanobacteria of this type of thermo-halophilic extremophile were isolated from siliceous crusts at 40-45 degrees C in a geothermal seawater lagoon in southwest Iceland. Iceland Clone 2e, a Leptolyngbya morphotype, was selected for further study. This culture grew only at 45-50 degrees C, in medium ranging from 28 to 94 g L(-1) TDS, It showed 3 doublings 24 h(-1) under continuous illumination. This rate at 54 degrees C was somewhat reduced, and death occurred at 58 degrees C. A comparison of the 16S rDNA sequence with all others in the NCBI database revealed 2 related Leptolyngbya isolates from a Greenland hot spring (13-16 g L(-1) TDS). Three other similar sequences were from Leptolyngbya isolates from dry, endolithic habitats in Yellowstone National Park. All 6 formed a phylogenetic clade, suggesting common ancestry. These strains shared many similarities to Iceland Clone 2e with respect to temperature and salinity ranges and optima. Two endolithic Leptolyngbya isolates, grown previously at 23 degrees C in freshwater medium, grew well at 50 degrees C but only in saline medium. This study shows that limited genotypic similarity may reveal some salient phenotypic similarities, even when the related cyanobacteria are from vastly different and remote habitats.