Study of HOXD genes in autism particularly regarding the ratio of second to fourth digit length.

Multiple genes are involved in the pathogenesis of autism. To study the causative gene, the relationship between autism endophenotypes and their closely related genes has been analyzed. There is a subgroup of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in which the ratio of second digit length to fourth digit length (2D/4D) is low (short digit group, SDG). We studied the relationship between ASD and HOXD genes, which are located in the candidate locus for ASD and are associated with digit morphogenesis, with a particular focus on SDG. We analyzed 25 SNPs of HOXD11, HOXD12, and HOXD13 in the subject of 98 ASD, 89 healthy controls, and 16 non-autistic patients (non-ASD). There was no significant difference in the genotype frequencies between the ASD and the healthy controls. However, the G-112T heterozygote in the promoter region of HOXD11 was observed in only four patients with ASD and in none of the healthy controls or non-ASD subjects. Moreover, this HOXD11 G-112T was observed in three of 11 SDG with ASD but in none of the 15 non-SDG patients with ASD. There were eight SDG patients among the non-ASD ones, but this polymorphism was observed in none of them. Considering the above results, it is expected that candidate genes will be further identified, using HOXD11 G-112T polymorphism as a marker, by analyzing genes located near 2q in a larger number of ASD subjects with clinical signs of SDG. Copyright 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.