Bethany C Reeb-Sutherland1, Sarah M Helfinstein2, Kathryn A Degnan2, Koraly Pérez-Edgar2, Heather A Henderson2, Shmuel Lissek2, Andrea Chronis-Tuscano2, Christian Grillon2, Daniel S Pine2, Nathan A Fox2. 1. Drs. Reeb-Sutherland, Degnan, Chronis-Tuscano, and Fox and Ms. Helfinstein are with the University of Maryland; Dr. Pérez-Edgar is with George Mason University; Dr. Henderson is with the University of Miami; Drs. Lissek, Grillon, and Pine are with the Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health. Electronic address: breeb@umd.edu. 2. Drs. Reeb-Sutherland, Degnan, Chronis-Tuscano, and Fox and Ms. Helfinstein are with the University of Maryland; Dr. Pérez-Edgar is with George Mason University; Dr. Henderson is with the University of Miami; Drs. Lissek, Grillon, and Pine are with the Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Behaviorally inhibited children face increased risk for anxiety disorders, although factors that predict which children develop a disorder remain poorly specified. The current study examines whether the startle reflex response may be used to differentiate between behaviorally inhibited adolescents with and without a history of anxiety. METHOD: Participants were assessed for behavioral inhibition during toddlerhood and early childhood. They returned to the laboratory as adolescents and completed a fear-potentiated startle paradigm and a clinical diagnostic interview (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version). Magnitude of the startle reflex was examined at baseline and during cues associated with safety and threat. RESULTS: Only adolescents who showed high levels of behavioral inhibition and had a lifetime occurrence of anxiety disorders showed increased startle reactivity in the presence of safety cues. Neither behavioral inhibition nor diagnosis was related to startle reactivity during threat cues. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that neurobiological measures, such as the startle reflex, may be a potential risk marker for the development of anxiety disorders among behaviorally inhibited adolescents. These methods may enhance our ability to identify vulnerable individuals before the development of anxious psychopathology.
OBJECTIVE: Behaviorally inhibited children face increased risk for anxiety disorders, although factors that predict which children develop a disorder remain poorly specified. The current study examines whether the startle reflex response may be used to differentiate between behaviorally inhibited adolescents with and without a history of anxiety. METHOD:Participants were assessed for behavioral inhibition during toddlerhood and early childhood. They returned to the laboratory as adolescents and completed a fear-potentiated startle paradigm and a clinical diagnostic interview (Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version). Magnitude of the startle reflex was examined at baseline and during cues associated with safety and threat. RESULTS: Only adolescents who showed high levels of behavioral inhibition and had a lifetime occurrence of anxiety disorders showed increased startle reactivity in the presence of safety cues. Neither behavioral inhibition nor diagnosis was related to startle reactivity during threat cues. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that neurobiological measures, such as the startle reflex, may be a potential risk marker for the development of anxiety disorders among behaviorally inhibited adolescents. These methods may enhance our ability to identify vulnerable individuals before the development of anxious psychopathology.
Authors: J Biederman; D R Hirshfeld-Becker; J F Rosenbaum; C Hérot; D Friedman; N Snidman; J Kagan; S V Faraone Journal: Am J Psychiatry Date: 2001-10 Impact factor: 18.112
Authors: D R Hirshfeld; J F Rosenbaum; J Biederman; E A Bolduc; S V Faraone; N Snidman; J S Reznick; J Kagan Journal: J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 1992-01 Impact factor: 8.829
Authors: Jack B Nitschke; Christine L Larson; Marian J Smoller; Sarah D Navin; Adrian J C Pederson; Dante Ruffalo; Kristen L Mackiewicz; Shannon M Gray; Elise Victor; Richard J Davidson Journal: Psychophysiology Date: 2002-03 Impact factor: 4.016
Authors: Catherine R Glenn; Daniel N Klein; Shmuel Lissek; Jennifer C Britton; Daniel S Pine; Greg Hajcak Journal: Dev Psychobiol Date: 2011-11-09 Impact factor: 3.038
Authors: Jennifer Urbano Blackford; Suzanne N Avery; Ronald L Cowan; Richard C Shelton; David H Zald Journal: Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci Date: 2010-07-26 Impact factor: 3.436
Authors: Alexander J Shackman; Do P M Tromp; Melissa D Stockbridge; Claire M Kaplan; Rachael M Tillman; Andrew S Fox Journal: Psychol Bull Date: 2016-10-10 Impact factor: 17.737
Authors: A J Shackman; A S Fox; J A Oler; S E Shelton; T R Oakes; R J Davidson; N H Kalin Journal: Mol Psychiatry Date: 2016-08-30 Impact factor: 15.992
Authors: Bethany C Reeb-Sutherland; Lela Rankin Williams; Kathryn A Degnan; Koraly Pérez-Edgar; Andrea Chronis-Tuscano; Ellen Leibenluft; Daniel S Pine; Seth D Pollak; Nathan A Fox Journal: Cogn Emot Date: 2014-05-06
Authors: Bethany C Reeb-Sutherland; Ross E Vanderwert; Kathryn A Degnan; Peter J Marshall; Koraly Pérez-Edgar; Andrea Chronis-Tuscano; Daniel S Pine; Nathan A Fox Journal: J Child Psychol Psychiatry Date: 2009-09-29 Impact factor: 8.982