P O D Pharoah1, Y Dundar. 1. Division of Public Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, UK. p.o.d.pharoah@liv.ac.uk
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The majority of cases of cerebral palsy (CP) have their pathogenesis during fetal development and are a form of congenital anomaly, the aetiology of which is uncertain. Anomalous development of other organs evident at birth is also a congenital anomaly. A small proportion of these are known to be caused by chromosomal or gene abnormalities, environmental teratogens and dietary deficiencies. The majority are of unknown aetiology. METHODS: A review of monochorionic (MC) monozygotic (MZ) placentation in the pathogenesis of congenital anomalies and CP was conducted using the PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases. RESULTS: Zygote division and MC placentation have serious implications for the development of both conceptuses. Most reports observe predominantly cerebral abnormalities in one or both conceptuses. These cerebral abnormalities often present as CP or other disabilities attributable to central nervous system impairment. In addition to the anomalies in central nervous system development, anomalies in the fetal development of a wide variety of other organs have been reported with MC MZ twinning. CONCLUSIONS: CP and congenital anomalies share a common pathogenic mechanism attributable to MZ twinning. These abnormalities in singletons are coincident with very early loss of one conceptus. The quantitative contribution of monozygosity and monochorionicity to the genesis of CP and congenital anomalies needs to be made.
BACKGROUND: The majority of cases of cerebral palsy (CP) have their pathogenesis during fetal development and are a form of congenital anomaly, the aetiology of which is uncertain. Anomalous development of other organs evident at birth is also a congenital anomaly. A small proportion of these are known to be caused by chromosomal or gene abnormalities, environmental teratogens and dietary deficiencies. The majority are of unknown aetiology. METHODS: A review of monochorionic (MC) monozygotic (MZ) placentation in the pathogenesis of congenital anomalies and CP was conducted using the PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases. RESULTS: Zygote division and MC placentation have serious implications for the development of both conceptuses. Most reports observe predominantly cerebral abnormalities in one or both conceptuses. These cerebral abnormalities often present as CP or other disabilities attributable to central nervous system impairment. In addition to the anomalies in central nervous system development, anomalies in the fetal development of a wide variety of other organs have been reported with MC MZ twinning. CONCLUSIONS: CP and congenital anomalies share a common pathogenic mechanism attributable to MZ twinning. These abnormalities in singletons are coincident with very early loss of one conceptus. The quantitative contribution of monozygosity and monochorionicity to the genesis of CP and congenital anomalies needs to be made.
Authors: Karri Silventoinen; Aline Jelenkovic; Antti Latvala; Reijo Sund; Yoshie Yokoyama; Vilhelmina Ullemar; Catarina Almqvist; Catherine A Derom; Robert F Vlietinck; Ruth J F Loos; Christian Kandler; Chika Honda; Fujio Inui; Yoshinori Iwatani; Mikio Watanabe; Esther Rebato; Maria A Stazi; Corrado Fagnani; Sonia Brescianini; Yoon-Mi Hur; Hoe-Uk Jeong; Tessa L Cutler; John L Hopper; Andreas Busjahn; Kimberly J Saudino; Fuling Ji; Feng Ning; Zengchang Pang; Richard J Rose; Markku Koskenvuo; Kauko Heikkilä; Wendy Cozen; Amie E Hwang; Thomas M Mack; Sisira H Siribaddana; Matthew Hotopf; Athula Sumathipala; Fruhling Rijsdijk; Joohon Sung; Jina Kim; Jooyeon Lee; Sooji Lee; Tracy L Nelson; Keith E Whitfield; Qihua Tan; Dongfeng Zhang; Clare H Llewellyn; Abigail Fisher; S Alexandra Burt; Kelly L Klump; Ariel Knafo-Noam; David Mankuta; Lior Abramson; Sarah E Medland; Nicholas G Martin; Grant W Montgomery; Patrik K E Magnusson; Nancy L Pedersen; Anna K Dahl Aslan; Robin P Corley; Brooke M Huibregtse; Sevgi Y Öncel; Fazil Aliev; Robert F Krueger; Matt McGue; Shandell Pahlen; Gonneke Willemsen; Meike Bartels; Catharina E M van Beijsterveldt; Judy L Silberg; Lindon J Eaves; Hermine H Maes; Jennifer R Harris; Ingunn Brandt; Thomas S Nilsen; Finn Rasmussen; Per Tynelius; Laura A Baker; Catherine Tuvblad; Juan R Ordoñana; Juan F Sánchez-Romera; Lucia Colodro-Conde; Margaret Gatz; David A Butler; Paul Lichtenstein; Jack H Goldberg; K Paige Harden; Elliot M Tucker-Drob; Glen E Duncan; Dedra Buchwald; Adam D Tarnoki; David L Tarnoki; Carol E Franz; William S Kremen; Michael J Lyons; José A Maia; Duarte L Freitas; Eric Turkheimer; Thorkild I A Sørensen; Dorret I Boomsma; Jaakko Kaprio Journal: Twin Res Hum Genet Date: 2017-10 Impact factor: 1.587
Authors: Jenny van Dongen; Scott D Gordon; Allan F McRae; Veronika V Odintsova; Hamdi Mbarek; Charles E Breeze; Karen Sugden; Sara Lundgren; Juan E Castillo-Fernandez; Eilis Hannon; Terrie E Moffitt; Fiona A Hagenbeek; Catharina E M van Beijsterveldt; Jouke Jan Hottenga; Pei-Chien Tsai; Josine L Min; Gibran Hemani; Erik A Ehli; Franziska Paul; Claudio D Stern; Bastiaan T Heijmans; P Eline Slagboom; Lucia Daxinger; Silvère M van der Maarel; Eco J C de Geus; Gonneke Willemsen; Grant W Montgomery; Bruno Reversade; Miina Ollikainen; Jaakko Kaprio; Tim D Spector; Jordana T Bell; Jonathan Mill; Avshalom Caspi; Nicholas G Martin; Dorret I Boomsma Journal: Nat Commun Date: 2021-09-28 Impact factor: 14.919