The contribution of orthography to spoken word production: evidence from Mandarin Chinese.

A recent debate in the language production literature concerns the influence of a word's orthographic information on spoken word production and the extent to which this influence is modulated by task context. In the present study, Mandarin Chinese participants produced sets of words that shared orthography (O+P-), phonology (O-P+), or orthography and phonology (O+P+), or were unrelated (O-P-), in the context of a reading, associative naming, or picture naming task. Shared phonology yielded facilitation effects in all three tasks, but only in the reading task was this phonological effect modulated by shared orthography. Shared orthography by itself (O+P-) revealed inhibitory effects in reading, but not in associative naming or in picture naming. These results suggest that a word's orthography information influences spoken word production only in tasks that rely heavily on orthographic information.