Mechanism and role of divalent cation binding of bacteriorhodopsin.

Several observations have already suggested that the carboxyl groups are involved in the association of divalent cations with bacteriorhodopsin (Chang et al., 1985). Here we show that at least part of the protons released from deionized purple membrane (;blue membrane') samples when salt is added are from carboxyl groups. We find that the apparent pK of magnesium binding to purple membrane in the presence of 0.5 mM buffer is 5.85. We suggest this is the pK of the carboxyl groups shifted from their usual pK because of the proton concentrating effect of the large negative surface potential of the purple membrane. Divalent cations may interact with negatively charged sites on the surface of purple membrane through the surface potential and/or through binding either by individual ligands or by conformation-dependent chelation. We find that divalent cations can be released from purple membrane by raising the temperature. Moreover, purple membrane binds only about half as many divalent cations after bleaching. Neither of these operations is expected to decrease the surface potential and thus these experiments suggest that some specific conformation in purple membrane is essential for the binding of a substantial fraction of the divalent cations. Divalent cations in purple membrane can be replaced by monovalent, (Na(+) and K(+)), or trivalent, (La(+++)) cations. Flash photolysis measurements show that the amplitude of the photointermediate, O, is affected by the replacement of the divalent cations by other ions, especially by La(+++). The kinetics of the M photointermediate and light-induced H(+) uptake are not affected by Na(+) and K(+), but they are drastically lengthened by La(+++) substitution, especially at alkaline pHs. We suggest that the surface charge density and thus the surface potential is controlled by divalent cation binding. Removal of the cations (to make deionized blue membrane) or replacement of them (e.g. La(+++)-purple membrane) changes the surface potential and hence the proton concentration near the membrane surface. An increase in local proton concentration could cause the protonation of critical carboxyl groups, for example the counter-ion to the protonated Schiff's base, causing the red shift associated with the formation of both deionized and acid blue membrane. Similar explanations based on regulation of the surface proton concentration can explain many other effects associated with the association of different cations with bacteriorhodopsin.