Characterization of acoustic properties of PVA-shelled ultrasound contrast agents: linear properties (part I).

This work examines the linear acoustic behavior of ultrasound contrast agents made of three types of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) shelled microbubbles manufactured at different pH and temperature conditions. Backscattered power, attenuation coefficient and phase velocity of ultrasonic waves propagating through suspensions of PVA contrast agents were measured at temperature values ranging between 24 degrees C and 37 degrees C in a frequency range from 3 MHz to 13 MHz. Enhancement of the backscattered power higher than 20 dB and displaying a weak dependence on temperature was observed. Attenuation and phase velocity, on the other hand, showed higher sensitivity to temperature variations. A modified version of the Church model, which accounts for the dispersion of the dynamic modulus of the PVA shells, was developed to simultaneously fit the attenuation and phase velocity data at 24 degrees C. The frequency dependence of the storage modulus was found to be that of semiflexible polymeric networks. On the other hand, the frequency dependence of the dynamic loss modulus suggests that additional mechanisms, which may be related to the finite dimensions of the shell and/or to its inhomogeneity, may play a significant role in the dissipation of the acoustic energy. For the microbubbles of interest, this model predicts frequency dependent resonance frequency higher than 100 MHz.