Modulation, adaptation, and control of orofacial pathways in healthy adults.

UNLABELLED: Although the healthy adult possesses a large repertoire of coordinative strategies for oromotor behaviors, a range of nonverbal, speech-like movements can be observed during speech. The extent of overlap among sensorimotor speech and nonspeech neural correlates and the role of neuromodulatory inputs generated during oromotor behaviors are unknown. The focus of this review is to consider the adaptive capacity of the orofacial substrate, and the neural correlates of kinematic parameter encoding at cortical and subcortical levels subserving oromotor behaviors. Special emphasis is directed toward distributed neural networks that are dynamically modulated by environment and task related demands. LEARNING OUTCOMES: Readers will (1) gain a better understanding of healthy adult orofacial pathways, (2) be able to identify orofacial pathway components that contribute to sensorimotor integration, and (3) better understand the flexible connectivity among distributed neural networks subserving oromotor behavior.