Molecular organization and evolution of 5S rDNA in the genus Merluccius and their phylogenetic implications.

The molecular organization of the 5S rRNA gene family has been studied in a wide variety of animal taxa, including many bony fish species. It is arranged in tandemly repeated units consisting of a highly conserved 120 base pair-long region, which encodes for the 5S rRNA, and a nontranscribed spacer (NTS) of variable length, which contains regulatory elements for the transcription of the coding sequence. In this work, a comparative analysis of 5S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) organization and evolution in the 12 species of the genus Merluccius, which are distributed in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, was carried out. Two main types of 5S rDNA (types A and M) were identified, as differentiated by the absence or presence of a simple sequence repeat within the NTS. Four species exhibited the 2 types of 5S rDNA, whereas the rest showed only 1 type. In addition, the species M. albidus and M. bilinearis showed 2 variants (S and L) of type-M 5S rDNA, which differentiated by length. The results obtained here support the hypothesis of a 5S rRNA dual system as an ancient condition of the Piscine genome. In contrast, some inconsistencies were found between the phylogeny of the genus Merluccius based on mitochondrial genes and that obtained from nuclear markers (5S rDNA, microsatellite loci, and allozyme data). Hybrid origin of the American species M. australis is suggested based on these results.