Species-specific patterns of DNA bending and sequence.

Nucleotide sequences in the GenEMBL database were analyzed using strategies designed to reveal species-specific patterns of DNA bending and DNA sequence. The results uncovered striking species-dependent patterns of bending with more variations among individual organisms than between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The frequency of bent sites in sequences from different bacteria was related to genomic A + T content and this relationship was confirmed by electrophoretic analysis of genomic DNA. However, base composition was not an accurate predictor for DNA bending in eukaryotes. Sequences from C. elegans exhibited the highest frequency of bent sites in the database and the RNA polymerase II locus from the nematode was the most bent gene in GenEMBL. Bent DNA extended throughout most introns and gene flanking segments from C.elegans while exon regions lacked A-tract bending characteristics. Independent evidence for the strong bending character of this genome was provided by electrophoretic studies which revealed that a large number of the fragments from C.elegans DNA exhibited anomalous gel mobilities when compared to genomic fragments from over 20 other organisms. The prevalence of bent sites in this genome enabled us to detect selectively C.elegans sequences in a computer search of the database using as probes C.elegans introns, bending elements, and a 20 nucleotide consensus sequence for bent DNA. This approach was also used to provide additional examples of species-specific sequence patterns in eukaryotes where it was shown that (A) greater than or equal to 10 and (A.T) greater than or equal to 5 tracts are prevalent throughout the untranslated DNA of D.discodium and P.falciparum, respectively. These results provide new insight into the organization of eukaryotic DNA because they show that species-specific patterns of simple sequences are found in introns and in other untranslated regions of the genome.